Biology Notes for Class 12 (Web Notes)

Biology Notes for Plus Two

Part-1 Botany

1. Reproduction in organisms
• Topic 1: Asexual Reproduction
• Topic 2: Sexual Reproduction
• Topic 3: Events in Sexual Reproduction
2. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
• Topic 1: Structure of Flower
• Topic 2: Pollination
• Topic 3: Fertilization and post-fertilization events
3. Strategies for enhancement in food production
• Topic 1: Animal Husbandry
• Topic 2: Plant Breeding
• Topic 3: Single Cell Proteins and Tissue Culture
4. Biotechnology: Principles and processes
• Topic 1: Principles of Biotechnology
• Topic 2: Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Topic 3: Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
5. Biotechnology and its applications
• Topic 1: Applications in Agriculture
• Topic 2: Applications in Medicine
• Topic 3: Transgenic Animals, Ethical Issues
6. Organisms and populations 
• Topic 1: Organisms and its Environment
• Topic 2: Responses to Abiotic Factors
• Topic 3: Populations
• Topic 4: Population Growth
• Topic 5: Population Interactions
7. Ecosystem  
• Topic 1: Ecosystem- Structure and Function
• Topic 2: Productivity, Decomposition
• Topic 3: Energy Flow
• Topic 4: Ecological Pyramids
• Topic 5: Ecological Succession
• Topic 6: Nutrient Cycling, Ecosystem Services
8. Environmental issues
• Topic 1: Air Pollution and its Control
• Topic 2: Water pollution and its Control
• Topic 3: Wastes and their Effects
• Topic 4: Greenhouse Effects, Global Warming, Ozone Depletion
• Topic 5: Degradation by Improper Resource Utilization

Part-2 Zoology

1. Human Reproduction
• Topic 1: Male reproductive system
• Topic 2: Female Reproductive system
• Topic 3: Spermatogenesis
• Topic 4: Oogenesis
• Topic 5: Menstrual Cycle
• Topic 6: Fertilization and Implantation
• Topic 7: Pregnancy, Embryonic development, Parturition, Lactation   
2. Reproductive health
• Topic 1: Problems and Strategies, Birth Control Methods
• Topic 2: MTP and STIs
• Topic 3: Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
3. Principles of inheritance and variation
• Topic 1: Mendel's Experiments
• Topic 2: Inheritance of One Gene
• Topic 3: Inheritance of Two Genes
• Topic 4: Other Patterns of Inheritance
• Topic 5: Chromosomal Theory, Morgan's Experiment
• Topic 6: Sex Determination
• Topic 7: Mutation and Pedigree Analysis
• Topic 8: Genetic Disorders (Mendelian and Chromosomal)
4. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Topic 1: The DNA
• Topic 2: The Search for Genetic Material
• Topic 3: Properties of Genetic Material, RNA World
• Topic 4: DNA Replication
• Topic 5: Transcription
• Topic 6: Genetic Code, Types of RNA
• Topic 7: Translation (Protein Synthesis)
• Topic 8: Regulation of Gene Expression, Operon Concept
• Topic 9: Human Genome Project (HGP)
• Topic 10: DNA Fingerprinting
5. Evolution
• Topic 1: Origin of Life
• Topic 2: Evidences for Evolution
• Topic 3: Theories of Evolution
• Topic 4: Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• Topic 5: A Brief Account of Evolution
6. Human Health and Diseases
• Topic 1: Common Infectious Diseases in man
• Topic 2: Human Immune System and Immunity
• Topic 3: Allergy, Autoimmunity, AIDS
• Topic 4: Cancer
• Topic 5: Drugs, Smoking and Alcohol Abuse
7. Microbes in human welfare
• Topic 1: Microbes in Household and Industrial Products
• Topic 2: Microbes in Sewage treatment and Biogas production
• Topic 3: Microbes as Biocontrol agents and Biofertilizers
8. Biodiversity and Conservation 
• Topic 1: Biodiversity: Levels, Richness, Patterns, Importance
• Topic 2: Loss of Biodiversity
• Topic 3: Biodiversity Conservation