Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia
- They live in aquatic & terrestrial habitats and need water for breeding.
- Body has head & trunk. Some have tail.
- Moist skin without scales. Most have 2 pairs of limbs.
- Tympanum represents ear.
- 3-chambered heart (2 auricles + 1 ventricle).
- Poikilotherms (Cold-blooded animals): Animals that lack the capacity to regulate their body temperature.
- Alimentary canal, urinary & reproductive tracts open into a Cloaca which opens to exterior.
- Respiration is by gills (in larva), lungs & skin.
- Sexes are separate. External fertilisation. Oviparous.
- Development is indirect.
- Examples:
- Bufo (Toad)
- Rana (Frog)
- Hyla (Tree frog)
- Salamandra (Salamander)
- Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
Class Reptilia
- Dry & cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes.
- Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast.
- Limbs - 2 pairs (if present).
- Crawling mode of locomotion.
- Tympanum represents ear.
- 3-chambered heart (4-chambered in crocodiles).
- Poikilotherms.
- Well-developed alimentary canal.
- Respiration by lungs.
- Internal fertilisation. Oviparous.
- Development is direct.
- Examples:
- Chelone (Turtle)
- Testudo (Tortoise)
- Chameleon (Tree lizard)
- Calotes (Garden lizard)
- Crocodilus (Crocodile)
- Alligator
- Hemidactylus (Wall lizard)
- Poisonous snakes: Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper) etc.
- Non-poisonous snakes: Python etc.
Class Aves (Birds)
- Presence of feathers and beak. Forelimbs are modified into wings.
- Dry skin without glands except the oil gland at the base of tail.
- Hind limbs have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping tree branches.
- Hollow & pneumatic long bones.
- Tympanum represents ear.
- 4-chambered heart.
- Homoiotherms (warm-blooded animals): Animals having ability to maintain a constant body temperature.
- Digestive tract has additional chambers, the crop & gizzard.
- Double respiration.
- Air sacs connected to lungs.
- Internal fertilisation.
- Oviparous.
- Development is direct.
- Examples:
- Corvus (Crow)
- Columba (Pigeon)
- Psittacula (Parrot)
- Struthio (Ostrich)
- Pavo (Peacock)
- Aptenodytes (Penguin)
- Neophron (Vulture) etc.
Class Mammalia
- Presence of mammary glands (milk producing glands).
- Skin with hair.
- 2 pairs of limbs for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying.
- External ear (Pinnae).
- 4-chambered heart.
- Homoiotherms.
- Well-developed alimentary canal.
- Dentition is Heterodont, thecodont & diphyodont.
- Respiration by lungs.
- Sexes are separate.
- Internal fertilisation.
- Viviparous (except Echidna and Platypus).
- Development is direct.
- Examples:
- Ornithorhynchus (Platypus)
- Macropus (Kangaroo)
- Pteropus (Flying fox)
- Camelus (Camel)
- Macaca (Monkey)
- Rattus (Rat)
- Canis (Dog)
- Felis (Cat)
- Elephas (Elephant)
- Equus (Horse)
- Delphinus (Common dolphin)
- Balaenoptera (Blue whale)
- Panthera tigris (Tiger)
- Panthera leo (Lion)
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