Wednesday, March 28, 2012
Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
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| Hydra |
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| Hydra |
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| Obelia |
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| Obelia |
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| Gorgonia (Sea fan) |
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| Aurelia (Jelly fish) |
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| Pennatula (Sea pen) |
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| Adamsia (Sea anemone) |
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| Tubipora |
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| Physalia |
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| Brain coral (Meandrina) |
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| Coral reef |
Digestion and Absorption
Nutrition is the getting and utilization of energy rich nutrients (food) by an organism.
Food provides energy for life activities, materials for growth, maintains body temperature and repair tissues.
Food consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), vitamins, minerals and water.
Food provides energy for life activities, materials for growth, maintains body temperature and repair tissues.
Food consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), vitamins, minerals and water.
Breathing and Exchange of gases
Respiration is the oxidation of nutrients in the living cells to release energy for biological work. Breathing is the exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells.
Body fluids and Circulation
Circulation is the transport of nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and excretory products to the concerned tissues or organs.
For circulation, simple organisms (sponges, coelenterates etc) use water from their surroundings. Complex organisms use body fluids (blood & lymph) for circulation.
Excretory Products and their Elimination
Excretion is the elimination of metabolic wastes like ammonia, urea, uric acid etc. from the tissues. It is 3 types:
1. Ammonotelism: Process of excretion of NH3.
Ammonotelic animals: Aquatic invertebrates, bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, tadpoles, aquatic insects etc.
Locomotion and movement
Locomotion is the voluntary movements resulting in a change in location.
Types of movement in human being
· Amoeboid movement: By pseudopodia. E.g. Macrophages, leucocytes, cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments etc.
· Ciliary movement: By cilia. E.g. ciliary movements in trachea (to remove dust particles and foreign substances), ciliary movements in oviducts (for the passage of ova).
· Muscular movement: By muscles. E.g. movements of limbs.
Neural control and co-ordination
NERVOUS (NEURAL) SYSTEM
- Controls and coordinates the body activities.
- Conducts and integrates the information.
- Responses to stimuli.
Chemical co-ordination
Endocrine system includes endocrine glands and their secretions (hormones).
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
Structural Organization in Animals
A group of cells having same origin, structure and function are called the tissues. Animal tissues are 4 types:
(i) Epithelial (ii) Connective
(iii) Muscular (iv) Neural
The Living World
Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules, expressing through chemical reactions which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation & reproduction.
Monday, March 12, 2012
Sunday, March 11, 2012
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