Topic 1: THE TISSUES
01.A group of cells having the same origin and function is called
✅ Tissue
02. Name the two groups of plant tissues based on the capability of cell division.
✅ Meristematic, Permanent
03. Where does active cell division and growth occur in plants?
✅ Meristems
04. What are the three types of meristems based on position?
✅ Apical, Intercalary, Lateral
05. What type of meristem occurs at the tips of roots and shoots?
✅ Apical
06. The meristem that occurs at the tip of a root is called
✅ Root apical meristem
07. What is the meristem called that occurs at the tip of a stem axis?
✅ Shoot apical meristem
08. What type of meristem occurs between mature tissues and is seen in grasses?
✅ Intercalary
09. Apical and intercalary meristems are collectively called
✅ Primary meristems
10. What type of meristem is cylindrical and occurs in mature regions of roots and shoots?
✅ Lateral
11. Secondary meristems include Fascicular vascular cambium, Interfascicular cambium and ……………….
✅ Cork cambium
12. The tissues that become structurally and functionally specialized and lose the ability to divide are known as
✅ Permanent tissues
13. What are the two types of permanent tissues?
✅ Simple, Complex
14.Simple permanent tissues include Parenchyma, Collenchyma and ……………….
✅ Sclerenchyma
15. Which simple permanent tissue is the major component within organs and has thin walls made up of cellulose?
✅ Parenchyma
16. Which simple permanent tissue occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicot plants?
✅ Collenchyma
17. Which simple permanent tissue consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls?
✅ Sclerenchyma
18. What are the two types of sclerenchyma based on form, structure, origin, and development?
✅ Fibres, Sclereids
19. Which type of sclerenchyma consists of thick-walled, elongated, and pointed cells?
✅ Fibres
20. Which type of sclerenchyma consists of spherical, oval, or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells?
✅ Sclereids
21. Which tissue provides mechanical support to the growing parts such as young stem and petiole of a leaf?
✅ Collenchyma
22. Which tissue provides mechanical support to organs?
✅ Sclerenchyma
23. What are the functions of parenchyma?
✅ Photosynthesis, Storage, Secretion
24. The permanent tissue made of more than one type of cells that work together as a unit is called
✅ Complex Permanent Tissue
25. Name the two types of complex permanent tissues.
✅ Xylem and Phloem
26. The conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves is called
✅ Xylem
27. The elongated, tube-like dead cells of xylem with thick lignified walls and tapering ends are called
✅ Tracheids
28. Which are the main water transporting elements of xylem?
✅ Tracheids and Vessels
29. The long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of vessel members is called
✅ Vessel
30. Vessel is a characteristic feature of
✅ Angiosperms
31. In which group of plants are vessels absent?
✅ Gymnosperms
32. The xylem elements with highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumen are called
✅ Xylem fibres
33. The living and thin-walled xylem cells that store food and help in radial conduction of water are
✅ Xylem parenchyma
34. The first formed primary xylem is called
✅ Protoxylem
35. The later formed primary xylem is called
✅ Metaxylem
36. In stems, when protoxylem is towards pith and metaxylem towards periphery, the condition is called
✅ Endarch
37. In roots, when protoxylem is towards periphery and metaxylem towards centre, the condition is called
✅ Exarch
38. The tissue that transports food materials from leaves to other parts is called
✅ Phloem
39. In angiosperms, phloem is made of ……………….
✅ Sieve tubes, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres
40. In gymnosperms, phloem is made of ……………….
✅ Albuminous cells, Sieve cells
41. Long tube-like structures with perforated walls are called
✅ Sieve tubes
42. The cells that control sieve tube functions are
✅ Companion cells
43. The first formed primary phloem is called
✅ Protophloem
44. The later formed phloem is called
✅ Metaphloem
45. The main function of phloem is
✅ Conduction of food
46. Specialized parenchymatous cells closely associated with sieve tubes are
✅ Companion cells
47. The function of companion cells is
✅ Pressure gradient
48. Elongated tapering cylindrical cells storing food, absent in monocots are
✅ Phloem parenchyma
49. The function of phloem parenchyma is
✅ Food storage
50. Dead sclerenchymatous cells in secondary phloem are called
✅ Phloem fibres
51. The function of phloem fibres is
✅ Support, Protection
52. Phloem fibres of ………………. have commercial uses.
✅ Jute, Flax, Hemp
Topic 2: THE TISSUE SYSTEM
53. The tissue system that forms the outermost covering of the whole plant body is called
✅ Epidermal tissue
54. Epidermal tissue includes ……………….
✅ Epidermal cells, Stomata, Trichomes, Hairs
55. The outermost layer of the primary plant body is called
✅ Epidermis
56. The waxy layer covering epidermis to prevent water loss is called
✅ Cuticle
57. The pores present in the epidermis of leaves are called
✅ Stomata
58. Stomata regulate ……………….
✅ Transpiration, Gaseous exchange
59. Stoma is made of two ………………. cells.
✅ Guard cells
60. In grasses, guard cells are ………………. shaped.
✅ Dumbbell
61. Specialized epidermal cells around guard cells are called
✅ Subsidiary cells
62. Stomatal aperture, guard cells and subsidiary cells together form
✅ Stomatal apparatus
63. Unicellular elongations of epidermal cells that absorb water and minerals are
✅ Root hairs
64. Epidermal hairs on stem are called
✅ Trichomes
65. The tissue system consisting of all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles is
✅ Ground tissue
66. Ground tissue is made of ……………….
✅ Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
67. In leaves, ground tissue made of chloroplast-containing cells is called
✅ Mesophyll
68. The tissue system consisting of xylem and phloem is called
✅ Vascular tissue
69. Xylem and phloem together constitute
✅ Vascular bundles
70. Vascular bundles with cambium present between xylem and phloem are called
✅ Open type
71. Example of open type vascular bundle is
✅ Dicot stem
72. Vascular bundles without cambium are called
✅ Closed type
73. Example of closed type vascular bundle is
✅ Monocot stem
74. Vascular bundle type where xylem and phloem are arranged alternately on different radii is
✅ Radial type
75. Radial type vascular bundles are found in
✅ Roots
76. Vascular bundle type where xylem and phloem lie together on the same radius is
✅ Conjoint type
77. Conjoint type vascular bundles are found in
✅ Stems, Leaves
Topic 3: ANATOMY OF DICOTYLEDONOUS & MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS
78. Outermost layer of dicot root is called
✅ Epidermis / Epiblema
79. Cells of epidermis protrude as unicellular ……………….
✅ Root hairs
80. The region between epidermis and endodermis is called
✅ Cortex
81. The innermost layer of cortex is called
✅ Endodermis
82. Water-impermeable strips in endodermis are called
✅ Casparian strips
83. All tissues inner to endodermis constitute ……………….
✅ Stele
84. The layer just inside endodermis is ……………….
✅ Pericycle
85. Lateral roots and vascular cambium originate from
✅ Pericycle
86. Central region of dicot root is called
✅ Pith
87. Tissue between xylem and phloem is called
✅ Conjunctive tissue
88. Number of xylem and phloem patches in dicot root is ……………….
✅ 2–4
89. Cambium ring develops later between ………………. and ……………….
✅ Xylem, Phloem
90. Monocot root includes epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and
✅ Pith
91. Number of xylem bundles in monocot root is usually more than six, called
✅ Polyarch
92. Monocot roots do not show ………………. growth.
✅ Secondary
93. Outermost protective layer of dicot stem is ……………….
✅ Epidermis
94. Epidermis of dicot stem is covered with a thin layer of ……………….
✅ Cuticle
95. Cells of hypodermis are ………………. in nature.
✅ Collenchymatous
96. Function of hypodermis is to provide ……………….
✅ Mechanical strength
97. Below hypodermis, the cortex consists of ………………. cells with intercellular spaces.
✅ Parenchymatous
98. Innermost layer of cortex in dicot stem is called ……………….
✅ Endodermis
99. Endodermis is also known as ………………. sheath.
✅ Starch
100. Pericycle in dicot stem is in the form of ………………. patches of sclerenchyma.
✅ Semi-lunar
101. Radially placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles are called
✅ Medullary rays
102. Vascular bundles in dicot stem are ………………. and open.
✅ Conjoint
103. Protoxylem of dicot stem shows ………………. arrangement.
✅ Endarch
104. Central portion of dicot stem is called
✅ Pith
105. Outermost layer of monocot stem is ……………….
✅ Epidermis
106. Hypodermis of monocot stem is
✅ Sclerenchymatous
107. Ground tissue of monocot stem is ………………. and conspicuous.
✅ Parenchymatous
108. Vascular bundles in monocot stem are many and ……………….
✅ Scattered
109. Vascular bundles in monocot stem are conjoint and ……………….
✅ Closed
110. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by ……………….
✅ Bundle sheath
111. ………………. parenchyma is absent in monocot stem.
✅ Phloem
112. Epidermis covers upper surface called
✅ Adaxial epidermis
113. Epidermis covers lower surface called
✅ Abaxial epidermis
114. Tissue between upper and lower epidermis is
✅ Mesophyll
115. Mesophyll cells contain ………………. for photosynthesis.
✅ Chloroplasts
116. Mesophyll has two types: palisade and ………………. parenchyma.
✅ Spongy
117. Vascular bundles are surrounded by thick-walled ………………. cells.
✅ Bundle sheath
118. Large, colourless epidermal cells in grasses are called ………………. cells.
✅ Bulliform
119. Bulliform cells help leaves curl during ………………. stress.
✅ Water
120. Monocot leaves show ………………. venation.
✅ Parallel
Topic 4: SECONDARY GROWTH
121. Growth in length due to apical meristem is called
✅ Primary growth
122. Increase in girth of dicot plants is called
✅ Secondary growth
123. Secondary growth involves two lateral meristems: ………………. and ……………….
✅ Vascular cambium, Cork cambium
124. Meristematic layer that cuts off vascular tissues is
✅ Vascular cambium
125. In young stem, vascular cambium is present as patches between ………………. and ……………….
✅ Xylem, Phloem
126. Cambium between primary xylem and phloem is called ………………. cambium.
✅ Intrafascicular
127. Cambium formed from medullary rays is called
✅ Interfascicular
128. Intrafascicular and interfascicular cambium together form
✅ Cambial ring
129. Cells cut off towards pith form ……………….
✅ Secondary xylem
130. Cells cut off towards periphery form ……………….
✅ Secondary phloem
131. Narrow parenchymatous bands passing radially are called
✅ Secondary medullary rays
132. Wood formed in spring with wider vessels is called
✅ Spring wood
133. Wood formed in winter with narrow vessels is called
✅ Autumn wood
134. Alternate concentric rings of spring and autumn wood form
✅ Annual rings
135. Study of annual rings to estimate tree age is called
✅ Dendrochronology
136. Hard, dark, lignified, non-functional central wood is called
✅ Heartwood
137. Dark colour of heartwood is due to deposition of
✅ Organic compounds
138. Function of heartwood is ……………….
✅ Mechanical support
139. Living, lighter peripheral region of secondary xylem is called
✅ Sapwood
140. Function of sapwood is conduction of ……………….
✅ Water & minerals
141. Meristematic tissue that replaces broken cortical & epidermal layers is called
✅ Cork cambium
142. Another name for cork cambium is
✅ Phellogen
143. Outer cells cut off by phellogen differentiate into
✅ Cork (Phellem)
144. Inner cells cut off by phellogen differentiate into
✅ Secondary cortex (Phelloderm)
145. Cork is impervious to water due to deposition of
✅ Suberin
146. Phellogen + Phellem + Phelloderm together form
✅ Periderm
147. Non-technical term for all tissues outer to vascular cambium is
✅ Bark
148. Bark includes ………………. and ……………….
✅ Periderm, Secondary phloem
149. Soft bark formed early in the season is called
✅ Early bark
150. Hard bark formed at the end of the season is called
✅ Late bark
151. Lens-shaped openings formed by rupturing of epidermis are called
✅ Lenticels
152. Function of lenticels is
✅ Gas exchange
153. In dicot root, vascular cambium is completely ………………. in origin.
✅ Secondary
154. Vascular cambium in dicot root originates from ……………….
✅ Pericycle
155. In roots, secondary growth forms a continuous ………………. ring.
✅ Cambial
156. Secondary growth does not occur in ……………….
✅ Monocots