Topic 1: Introduction
Q 1: ………………. was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification of organisms.
✅ Aristotle
Q 2: Who classified plants to trees, shrubs & herbs and animals into those with red blood & without red blood?
✅ Aristotle
Q 3: ………………. classified organisms into Two Kingdoms- Kingdom Plantae & Kingdom Animalia.
✅ Linnaeus
Q 4: Which classification system includes Prokaryotes (Bacteria, cyanobacteria) and eukaryotes (fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms & angiosperms) under ‘Plants’ based on the presence of cell wall?
✅ Two-Kingdom classification
Q 5: According to Two-Kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed under ……………….
✅ Algae
Q 6: Five Kingdom Classification is proposed by ……………….
✅ R.H. Whittaker
Q 7: Which classification system divides Kingdom Monera into two domains?
✅ Three-domain system
Q 8: How many kingdoms are there in Three-domain system of classification?
✅ 6 Kingdoms
Topic 2: KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)
Q 9: Which kingdom includes all prokaryotes?
✅ Monera
Q 10: Cell wall of Monera is made up of polysaccharide and ……………….
✅ Amino acid
Q 11: The most abundant microorganisms are ……………….
✅ Bacteria
Q 12: Spherical: Coccus Rod-shaped: ……………….
✅ Bacillus
Q 13: Spirillum: Spiral Vibrium: ……………….
✅ Comma-shaped
Q 14: ………………. have a different cell wall structure for their survival in extreme conditions.
✅ Archaebacteria
Q 15: Name a group of Archaebacteria that lives in extreme salty areas.
✅ Halophiles
Q 16: ………………. is a group of Archaebacteria that lives in hot springs.
✅ Thermoacidophiles
Q 17: A group of Archaebacteria that live in marshy areas is called
✅ Methanogens
Q 18: ………………. are present in the guts of ruminant animals (cows, buffaloes etc).
✅ Methanogens
Q 19: Name the group of bacteria that produce methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals.
✅ Methanogens
Q 20: ………………. are photosynthetic autotrophic eubacteria having chlorophyll a similar to green plants.
✅ Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Q 21: ………………. are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, marine or terrestrial algae.
✅ Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Q 22: The colonies of Cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by ……………….
✅ Gelatinous sheath
Q 23: Cyanobacteria such as Nostoc & Anabaena fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called ……………….
✅ Heterocysts
Q 24: ………………. are the group of eubacteria that can oxidize inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites & ammonia and use the released energy for ATP production.
✅ Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Q 25: A group of eubacteria that help in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur is called
✅ Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Q 26: ………………. are the most abundant eubacteria in nature.
✅ Heterotrophic bacteria
Q 27: Bacteria reproduce mainly by ……………….
✅ Fission
Q 28: Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria produce ……………….
✅ Spores
Q 29: The smallest living cells are ……………….
✅ Mycoplasmas
Topic 3: KINGDOM PROTISTA
Q 30: Kingdom …………… includes single-celled eukaryotes.
✅ Protista
Q 31: ………………. is a link with plants, animals and fungi.
✅ Kingdom Protista
Q 32: ………………. includes Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans.
✅ Protista
Q 33: ………………. are microscopic protists that float passively in water currents (plankton) and most of them are photosynthetic.
✅ Chrysophytes
Q 34: …………… includes diatoms & golden algae (desmids).
✅ Chrysophytes
Q 35: ………………. have siliceous cell walls forming two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap box.
✅ Diatoms
Q 36: The cell wall deposit of diatoms over billions of years in their habitat is known as
✅ Diatomaceous earth
Q 37: ………………. are the chief ‘producers’ in the oceans.
✅ Diatoms
Q 38: Name the protist group that is marine, photosynthetic and appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red based on the main pigments present in their cells.
✅ Dinoflagellates
Q 39: The cell wall of ………………. has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
✅ Dinoflagellates
Q 40: Most of the ………………. have 2 flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.
✅ Dinoflagellates
Q 41: Red dinoflagellates such as Gonyaulax undergo rapid multiplication so that the sea appears red. This phenomenon is called
✅ Red tides
Q 42: Euglena belongs to the group ………………. under Kingdom Protista.
✅ Euglenoids
Q 43: Instead of a cell wall, euglenoids have a protein rich layer called ………………. which makes their body flexible.
✅ Pellicle
Q 44: Number of flagella in Euglenoids is ……………….
✅ 2
Q 45: Name the group of protists that are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight and heterotrophic in the absence of sunlight.
✅ Euglenoids
Q 46: ………………. are saprophytic protists and their body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic material.
✅ Slime Moulds
Q 47: Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called ……………….
✅ Plasmodium
Q 48: Under unfavourable conditions, plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing ………………. at their tips.
✅ Spores
Q 49: The spores of ………………. have true walls and are highly resistant and survive for many years.
✅ Slime Moulds
Q 50: ………………. are the primitive relatives of animals.
✅ Protozoans
Q 51: Name a free-living amoeboid protozoan.
✅ Amoeba
Q 52: Amoeboid protozoans move and capture prey by putting out ……………….
✅ Pseudopodia (false feet)
Q 53: In Amoeboid protozoans, marine forms have ………………. on their surface.
✅ Silica shells
Q 54: Name a parasitic amoeboid protozoan.
✅ Entamoeba
Q 55: ………………. is a parasitic flagellated protozoan that cause the disease sleeping sickness.
✅ Trypanosoma
Q 56: Give an example for Ciliated protozoan.
✅ Paramoecium
Q 57: ………………. are aquatic, actively moving organisms using thousands of cilia.
✅ Ciliated protozoans
Q 58: Ciliated protozoans have a cavity called ………………. through which the water with food enters by the movement of cilia.
✅ Gullet
Q 59: Which group of protozoans have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle?
✅ Sporozoans
Q 60: Name an organism which comes under Sporozoans and causes Malaria.
✅ Plasmodium
Topic 4: KINGDOM FUNGI
Q 61: ………………. is a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that grow in warm and humid places.
✅ Fungi
Q 62: Mould on bread & rotten fruits, mushroom, toadstools etc. belong to the kingdom ……………….
✅ Fungi
Q 63: ………………. on mustard leaves are due to a parasitic fungus.
✅ White spots
Q 64: Name a fungus which is used as a source of antibiotics.
✅ Penicillium
Q 65: Name a unicellular fungus used to make bread and beer.
✅ Yeast
Q 66: The disease wheat rust is caused by a fungus called ……………….
✅ Puccinia
Q 67: All fungi are filamentous except ……………….
✅ Yeasts
Q 68: Fungal bodies consist of thread-like structures called
✅ Hyphae
Q 69: The network of hyphae is known as
✅ Mycelium
Q 70: ………………. hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm.
✅ Coenocytic
Q 71: The hyphae having cross walls are called
✅ Septate hyphae
Q 72: Fungal cell wall is made of ………………. and polysaccharides.
✅ Chitin
Q 73: The organisms such as fungi absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates. They are called
✅ Saprophytes
Q 74: Symbiotic relationship of fungi and algae is called
✅ Lichens
Q 75: Symbiotic relationship of fungi and roots of higher plants is called
✅ Mycorrhiza
Q 76: Fusion of protoplasm between two motile or non-motile gametes is called
✅ Plasmogamy
Q 77: Fusion of two nuclei is called
✅ Karyogamy
Q 78: When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid ………………. of compatible mating types come together and fuse.
✅ Hyphae
Q 79: In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, a dikaryotic stage or dikaryophase occurs. This condition is called
✅ Dikaryon
Q 80: The fungi form ………………. in which reduction division occurs forming haploid spores.
✅ Fruiting bodies
Q 81: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes are various classes under
✅ Fungi
Q 82: Name the class which is known as Lower Fungi.
✅ Phycomycetes
Q 83: The mycelium of Phycomycetes is aseptate and ……………….
✅ Coenocytic
Q 84: Asexual reproduction of Phycomycetes is by motile zoospores or by non-motile ……………….
✅ Aplanospores
Q 85: In sexual reproduction of Phycomycetes, ………………. are formed by fusion of two gametes.
✅ Zygospores
Q 86: Give an example for Phycomycetes.
✅ Mucor / Rhizopus / Albugo
Q 87: Rhizopus is commonly known as
✅ Bread mould
Q 88: ………………. is a parasitic fungus on mustard.
✅ Albugo
Q 89: Which class of fungi is known as sac-fungi?
✅ Ascomycetes
Q 90: Name a unicellular ascomycete.
✅ Yeast (Saccharomyces)
Q 91: Name a multicellular ascomycete.
✅ Penicillium
Q 92: Mycelium of ascomycete is branched and……………….
✅ Septate
Q 93: In ascomycetes, asexual reproduction is by conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium called
✅ Conidiophores
Q 94: In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction is by ………………. produced endogenously in sac like asci.
✅ Ascospores
Q 95: The asci are arranged to form fruiting bodies called
✅ Ascocarps
Q 96: Give an example for Ascomycetes.
✅ Aspergillus / Claviceps / Neurospora
Q 97: ………………. is an ascomycete used in biochemical and genetic work.
✅ Neurospora
Q 98: Give an example for edible Ascomycetes.
✅ Morels & truffles
Q 99: Mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs belong to the class
✅ Basidiomycetes
Q 100: Name an example for a basidiomycete that live on plant bodies as parasites.
✅ Rusts (e.g., Puccinia) / smuts (e.g., Ustilago)
Q 101: The mycelium of Basidiomycetes is branched and ……………….
✅ Septate
Q 102: In ………………., the asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common.
✅ Basidiomycetes
Q 103: In Basidiomycetes, the sex organs are absent, but ………………. occurs by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes.
✅ Plasmogamy
Q 104: In Basidiomycetes, the resultant structure of plasmogamy is dikaryotic which gives rise to ……………….
✅ Basidium
Q 105: Karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidium producing four ………………. exogenously.
✅ Basidiospores
Q 106: Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called
✅ Basidiocarps
Q 107: Give an example for Basidiomycetes.
✅ Agaricus (mushroom) / Ustilago (smut) / Puccinia (rust fungus)
Q 108: ………………. is commonly known as imperfect fungi because only their asexual or vegetative phases are known.
✅ Deuteromycetes
Q 109: Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores called
✅ Conidia
Q 110: The mycelium of Deuteromycetes is septate and ……………….
✅ Branched
Q 111: Give an example for Deuteromycetes.
✅ Alternaria / Colletotrichum / Trichoderma
Topic 5: KINGDOM PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA
Q 112: Plant cell wall is made up of ……………….
✅ Cellulose
Q 113: Name a parasitic plant.
✅ Cuscuta
Q 114: Name a partial heterotrophic insectivorous plant.
✅ Bladderwort & Venus flytrap
Q 115: Life cycle of plants has 2 phases such as diploid sporophytic & haploid gametophytic which alternate with each other. This phenomenon is called
✅ Alternation of generation
Q 116: ………………. are multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms without cell wall.
✅ Animals
Q 117: Mode of nutrition of animals is ………………. in which ingestion of food occurs.
✅ Holozoic
Topic 6: VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS
Q 118: ………………. are non-cellular nucleoproteins and not truly ‘living’.
✅ Viruses
Q 119: The meaning of the term Virus is ……………….
✅ Venom or poisonous fluid
Q 120: Who discovered virus?
✅ Dmitri Ivanowsky
Q 121: Who recognized that viruses cause mosaic disease of tobacco?
✅ Dmitri Ivanowsky
Q 122: Who gave the name Virus?
✅ M.W. Beijerinek
Q 123: Who gave the name Virus?
✅ M.W. Beijerinek
Q 124: Name the scientist who showed that viruses could be crystallized and crystals consist largely of proteins.
✅ W.M. Stanley
Q 125: A virus is a ………………. i.e., it has a protein coat & genetic material (RNA or DNA).
✅ Nucleoprotein
Q 126: Protein coat of virus is called
✅ Capsid
Q 127: Generally, the nucleic acid of plant viruses is
✅ Single stranded RNA
Q 128: Type of nucleic acid in animal viruses is ……………….
✅ Single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA
Q 129: Viruses that infect bacteria are called
✅ Bacteriophages
Q 130: Generally, nucleic acid of bacteriophages is ……………….
✅ Double stranded DNA
Q 131: The capsid made of small subunits called ………………. protects nucleic acid.
✅ Capsomeres
Q 132: In viruses, ………………. are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms.
✅ Capsomeres
Q 133: The diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza & AIDS are caused by
✅ Viruses
Q 134: In plants, the symptoms such as mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth indicate the attack of ……………….
✅ Viruses
Q 135: Name the infectious agent with a free low molecular weight RNA and no protein coat.
✅ Viroid
Q 136: Viroids are discovered by
✅ T.O. Diener
Q 137: Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by
✅ Viroids
Q 138: The abnormally folded protein that cause some infectious neurological diseases is called
✅ Prions
Q 139: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease in cattle and Cr-Jacob Disease (CJD) in humans are caused by
✅ Prions
Q 140: The mutually useful symbiotic association between algae & fungi is called
✅ Lichens
Q 141: In lichen, the algal component is called
✅ Phycobiont
Q 142: In lichen, the fungal component is called
✅ Mycobiont
Q 143: ………………. are very good pollution indicators.
✅ Lichens