ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Previous Year Questions (2010 - 2018)
2010 March
1. Grasses are capable of regeneration in spite of continuous grazing by cattle. Suggest the reason for it. (1)
2. What are bulliform cells? Mention their function. (2)
2. What are bulliform cells? Mention their function. (2)
Answers:
1. Due to the presence of Intercalary Meristem.
2. Bulliform cells: Large, empty, colourless cells present in the adaxial epidermis of grass leaves.
Function: They help in the rolling of leaves during water stress to minimize water loss.
1. Due to the presence of Intercalary Meristem.
2. Bulliform cells: Large, empty, colourless cells present in the adaxial epidermis of grass leaves.
Function: They help in the rolling of leaves during water stress to minimize water loss.
2010 September
1. Suggest a method for identification of stem and root in plants based on the arrangement of protoxylem. (1)
2. In dicot stem, cambium occurs between xylem and phloem and the vascular bundles are arranged in a broken ring fashion. However, dicot stem grows in diameter in a circular manner. Explain briefly how this could happen. (2)
2. In dicot stem, cambium occurs between xylem and phloem and the vascular bundles are arranged in a broken ring fashion. However, dicot stem grows in diameter in a circular manner. Explain briefly how this could happen. (2)
Answers:
1. Root: Exarch condition (Protoxylem towards periphery).
Stem: Endarch condition (Protoxylem towards centre).
2. The cells of medullary rays, adjoining the intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of vascular cambium is formed.
1. Root: Exarch condition (Protoxylem towards periphery).
Stem: Endarch condition (Protoxylem towards centre).
2. The cells of medullary rays, adjoining the intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of vascular cambium is formed.
2011 March
1. In most woody trees, epidermis breaks to form a lens shaped opening. Name this opening that permits gaseous exchange. (1)
Answer: Lenticels.
2011 October (Improvement)
1. a) Name the layer from which root hairs and lateral roots arise respectively. (1)
b) Differentiate the vascular bundles from the (A and B) diagrams given below. (½)
c) Cambium is a ........................ meristem. (½)
b) Differentiate the vascular bundles from the (A and B) diagrams given below. (½)
c) Cambium is a ........................ meristem. (½)
Answers:
a) Root hairs: Epidermis / Epiblema; Lateral roots: Pericycle.
b) A: Radial vascular bundle (Root).
B: Conjoint vascular bundle (Stem).
c) Lateral meristem.
a) Root hairs: Epidermis / Epiblema; Lateral roots: Pericycle.
b) A: Radial vascular bundle (Root).
B: Conjoint vascular bundle (Stem).
c) Lateral meristem.
2012 March
1. Analyze the given statements and correct the false statements with respect to the underlined word.
a. In roots, vascular tissues are conjoint. (½)
b. Cork cambium is otherwise called phelloderm. (½)
2. In an anatomy lab, Ramu and Salim were taking T.S of two specimens, A and B. Their observations are given in the table. Complete the table. (2)
3. An anatomist observed a peculiar type of large spherical bundle sheath cells in sugarcane leaf (Kranz Anatomy). Explain the physiological advantages of such type of plants. (1½)
a. In roots, vascular tissues are conjoint. (½)
b. Cork cambium is otherwise called phelloderm. (½)
2. In an anatomy lab, Ramu and Salim were taking T.S of two specimens, A and B. Their observations are given in the table. Complete the table. (2)
| Specimen A | Specimen B |
|---|---|
| 1a. Closed vascular bundle | 1b. Open vascular bundle |
| 2a. ........................ | 2b. ........................ |
| 3a. ........................ | 3b. ........................ |
3. An anatomist observed a peculiar type of large spherical bundle sheath cells in sugarcane leaf (Kranz Anatomy). Explain the physiological advantages of such type of plants. (1½)
Answers:
1. a) Radial.
b) Phellogen.
2. Specimen A: Monocot Stem (Cambium absent, Scattered bundles).
Specimen B: Dicot Stem (Cambium present, Ring arrangement).
3. Advantages (C4 Plants):
- Can tolerate higher temperatures.
- Show a response to high light intensities.
- Lack photorespiration (greater biomass productivity).
1. a) Radial.
b) Phellogen.
2. Specimen A: Monocot Stem (Cambium absent, Scattered bundles).
Specimen B: Dicot Stem (Cambium present, Ring arrangement).
3. Advantages (C4 Plants):
- Can tolerate higher temperatures.
- Show a response to high light intensities.
- Lack photorespiration (greater biomass productivity).
2012 September (Improvement)
1. Dicot plants show secondary growth in their stem & root. (3)
a. Name the meristem that causes secondary growth in vascular region and cortex.
b. Comment on the activity of this meristem.
2. Some tissues in plants are not able to divide further.
a. Suggest name of such tissues.
b. Give any three examples.
c. List the difference between epidermal tissue system of roots and leaves.
a. Name the meristem that causes secondary growth in vascular region and cortex.
b. Comment on the activity of this meristem.
OR
2. Some tissues in plants are not able to divide further.
a. Suggest name of such tissues.
b. Give any three examples.
c. List the difference between epidermal tissue system of roots and leaves.
Answer 1:
a) Vascular region: Vascular Cambium; Cortex: Cork Cambium (Phellogen).
b) Vascular cambium cuts off secondary xylem towards inside and secondary phloem towards outside. Cork cambium cuts off cork towards outside and secondary cortex towards inside.
Answer 2:
a) Permanent Tissues.
b) Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma.
c) Root: Cuticle absent, Unicellular root hairs. Leaf: Cuticle present, Stomata present.
a) Vascular region: Vascular Cambium; Cortex: Cork Cambium (Phellogen).
b) Vascular cambium cuts off secondary xylem towards inside and secondary phloem towards outside. Cork cambium cuts off cork towards outside and secondary cortex towards inside.
Answer 2:
a) Permanent Tissues.
b) Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma.
c) Root: Cuticle absent, Unicellular root hairs. Leaf: Cuticle present, Stomata present.
2013 March
1. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks. (1)
Starch: Amyloplast | Fat: ........................
2. Identify the plant part based on the features: (3)
- Radial and polyarch xylem bundles
- Endodermis with casparian strips
i. Identify the plant part.
ii. Rearrange regions: Pericycle, Pith, Epidermis, Cortex, Endodermis (Periphery to center).
iii. Give an account of casparian strips.
Starch: Amyloplast | Fat: ........................
2. Identify the plant part based on the features: (3)
- Radial and polyarch xylem bundles
- Endodermis with casparian strips
i. Identify the plant part.
ii. Rearrange regions: Pericycle, Pith, Epidermis, Cortex, Endodermis (Periphery to center).
iii. Give an account of casparian strips.
Answers:
1. Elaioplast.
2. i) Monocot Root.
ii) Epidermis → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle → Pith.
iii) Casparian strips: Waxy material (suberin) deposited on the radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells. It is impermeable to water.
1. Elaioplast.
2. i) Monocot Root.
ii) Epidermis → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle → Pith.
iii) Casparian strips: Waxy material (suberin) deposited on the radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells. It is impermeable to water.
2013 September-October
1. Imagine that you and your father are visiting a timber shop to buy wood. Father seeks your help to determine the age of the wood.
a. As a botany student can you help your father?
b. Justify your answer. (1)
2. Two types of plant specimens were observed. Identify them. (2)
- Specimen 1: Radial bundles, Xylem exarch, Polyarch (20 bundles).
- Specimen 2: Collateral bundles in a ring, Open type, Endarch xylem.
a. As a botany student can you help your father?
b. Justify your answer. (1)
2. Two types of plant specimens were observed. Identify them. (2)
- Specimen 1: Radial bundles, Xylem exarch, Polyarch (20 bundles).
- Specimen 2: Collateral bundles in a ring, Open type, Endarch xylem.
Answers:
1. a) Yes.
b) By counting the Annual Rings (Growth rings). Each ring represents one year of growth.
2. Specimen 1: Monocot Root.
Specimen 2: Dicot Stem.
1. a) Yes.
b) By counting the Annual Rings (Growth rings). Each ring represents one year of growth.
2. Specimen 1: Monocot Root.
Specimen 2: Dicot Stem.
2014 March
1. Match the following columns A and B (3)
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| a) Companion cells | i) Phloem tissue |
| b) Lenticels | ii) Exchange of gases |
| c) Bulliform cells | iii) Empty colourless cells |
| d) Subsidiary cells | iv) Stomata |
| e) Mesophyll cells | v) Chlorophyll bearing cells |
| f) Endodermal cells | vi) Casparian strips |
Correct Match:
a - i (Phloem tissue)
b - ii (Exchange of gases)
c - iii (Empty colourless cells)
d - iv (Stomata)
e - v (Chlorophyll bearing)
f - vi (Casparian strips)
a - i (Phloem tissue)
b - ii (Exchange of gases)
c - iii (Empty colourless cells)
d - iv (Stomata)
e - v (Chlorophyll bearing)
f - vi (Casparian strips)
2014 August (Improvement)
1. Mention the role of guard cells in stomatal mechanisms. (2)
2. Identify the vascular bundles (A) and (B). Briefly explain them. (3)
2. Identify the vascular bundles (A) and (B). Briefly explain them. (3)
Answers:
1. Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata by changing their turgidity. When turgid, stomata open; when flaccid, they close.
2. A: Radial (Xylem and Phloem on different radii - Root).
B: Conjoint Closed (Xylem and Phloem on same radius, no cambium - Monocot Stem).
1. Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata by changing their turgidity. When turgid, stomata open; when flaccid, they close.
2. A: Radial (Xylem and Phloem on different radii - Root).
B: Conjoint Closed (Xylem and Phloem on same radius, no cambium - Monocot Stem).
2015 March
1. In a dicotyledonous stem, secondary growth takes place at two regions by the activity of two lateral meristems.
a) Identify the two lateral meristems. (1)
b) List the new tissues formed from each of these meristems. (2)
a) Identify the two lateral meristems. (1)
b) List the new tissues formed from each of these meristems. (2)
Answer:
a) Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium (Phellogen).
b) Vascular Cambium forms: Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem.
Cork Cambium forms: Cork (Phellem) and Secondary Cortex (Phelloderm).
a) Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium (Phellogen).
b) Vascular Cambium forms: Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem.
Cork Cambium forms: Cork (Phellem) and Secondary Cortex (Phelloderm).
2015 September (Improvement)
1. Identify the types of vascular bundles in figure 1 & 2. Write the features of each. (3)
OR
Distinguish between leaf anatomy of dicot leaf and monocot leaf.
Answer 1:
Fig 1: Conjoint Open (Cambium present - Dicot Stem).
Fig 2: Conjoint Closed (Cambium absent - Monocot Stem).
OR (Leaf Anatomy):
- Dicot Leaf: Dorsiventral, Mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy, Stomata more on lower surface.
- Monocot Leaf: Isobilateral, Mesophyll undifferentiated, Stomata equal on both surfaces.
Fig 1: Conjoint Open (Cambium present - Dicot Stem).
Fig 2: Conjoint Closed (Cambium absent - Monocot Stem).
OR (Leaf Anatomy):
- Dicot Leaf: Dorsiventral, Mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy, Stomata more on lower surface.
- Monocot Leaf: Isobilateral, Mesophyll undifferentiated, Stomata equal on both surfaces.
2016 March
1. How does periderm develop in dicot stem and replace the outer broken cortical and epidermal layers? (3)
Answer:
The Cork Cambium (Phellogen) develops in the cortex. It divides to form Cork (Phellem) towards the outside and Secondary Cortex (Phelloderm) towards the inside. These three layers (Phellogen + Phellem + Phelloderm) constitute the Periderm, which protects the inner tissues.
The Cork Cambium (Phellogen) develops in the cortex. It divides to form Cork (Phellem) towards the outside and Secondary Cortex (Phelloderm) towards the inside. These three layers (Phellogen + Phellem + Phelloderm) constitute the Periderm, which protects the inner tissues.
2017 March
1. a) The tissues involve in secondary growth of dicot plants are vascular cambium and ..................
b) Compare the formation of vascular cambia in dicot stem and dicot root. (3)
b) Compare the formation of vascular cambia in dicot stem and dicot root. (3)
Answers:
a) Cork Cambium.
b) Dicot Stem: Formed from intrafascicular cambium (primary) and interfascicular cambium (secondary).
Dicot Root: Completely secondary in origin. It originates from the tissue located just below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue above the protoxylem.
a) Cork Cambium.
b) Dicot Stem: Formed from intrafascicular cambium (primary) and interfascicular cambium (secondary).
Dicot Root: Completely secondary in origin. It originates from the tissue located just below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue above the protoxylem.
2017 July (Improvement)
1. Parenchyma is a tissue for storage, sclerenchyma is a tissue for ............ (1)
2. Identify the characters of dicot stem and monocot stem and write in appropriate column. (2)
a) Sclerenchymatous hypodermis
b) Collenchymatous hypodermis
c) Vascular bundles are conjoint, closed
d) Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
2. Identify the characters of dicot stem and monocot stem and write in appropriate column. (2)
a) Sclerenchymatous hypodermis
b) Collenchymatous hypodermis
c) Vascular bundles are conjoint, closed
d) Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
Answers:
1. Mechanical support.
2. Dicot Stem: (b) Collenchymatous hypodermis, (d) Bundles in a ring.
Monocot Stem: (a) Sclerenchymatous hypodermis, (c) Bundles conjoint, closed.
1. Mechanical support.
2. Dicot Stem: (b) Collenchymatous hypodermis, (d) Bundles in a ring.
Monocot Stem: (a) Sclerenchymatous hypodermis, (c) Bundles conjoint, closed.
2018 March
1. Name the leucoplast that store proteins.
2. Complete the flowchart given below.
3. a) Write the type of cells found in mesophyll tissue in a dicot leaf.
b) Mention two differences between a dicot leaf and monocot leaf.
2. Complete the flowchart given below.
3. a) Write the type of cells found in mesophyll tissue in a dicot leaf.
b) Mention two differences between a dicot leaf and monocot leaf.
Answers:
1. Aleuroplast.
2. A = Simple Tissue, B = Parenchyma/Collenchyma, C = Xylem/Phloem.
3. a) Palisade parenchyma and Spongy parenchyma.
b) See answer for 2015 September.
1. Aleuroplast.
2. A = Simple Tissue, B = Parenchyma/Collenchyma, C = Xylem/Phloem.
3. a) Palisade parenchyma and Spongy parenchyma.
b) See answer for 2015 September.
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