Diseases & Pathogen
|
Incubation period & Epidemiology
|
Symptoms
|
Prophylaxis & Treatment
|
|
Pathogen:
|
29 months in adults, 12 months in children.
In homosexuals or bisexual men, drug users
who use common syringes, babies born mothers with AIDS, hemophiliacs and
persons with coagulation disorders. (intimate contact of body secretions such
as blood, semen, saliva, stool & urine)
|
Loss of immune power.
Patient passes yellow urine and white stool.
Weight loss, swollen glands, diarrhea, fever and night sweat, oral
candidiasis. Dementia
|
Diagnosis: ELISA test (Enzyme-linked
immune-sorbent Assay).
Prevention:
·
Educate
peoples about AIDS.
·
Making
blood (from blood banks) safe from HIV.
·
Use of
disposable needles and syringes.
·
Advocating
safe sex and free distribution of condoms.
·
Controlling
drug abuse.
·
Regular
check-ups for HIV in susceptible population.
Treatment: Anti-viral drugs partially
effective. They can only prolong the life of the patient.
Several drugs are under investigation.
|
2.
Avian
flu (H5N1)
Pathogen:
H5N1 virus
|
Contact with infected poultry. Air borne
spread
|
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A: Conjunctivitis, influenza-like illness (fever, cough, sore
throat, muscle aches), lower respiratory disease (pneumonia).
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A: Conjunctivitis, influenza-like illness, severe respiratory
illness (e.g. shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute
respiratory distress, viral pneumonia, respiratory failure) with multi-organ
disease, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sometimes neurologic
changes (altered mental status, seizures).
|
CDC currently recommends oseltamivir,
peramivir, or zanamivir.
|
|
|
14-16 days
Host: generally children of 10 years.
Infection is by contact
|
Dark red rash or pox, changing to pustules
which are first transparent (tear drop vesicles), later become cloudy in 24
hrs.
|
Prophylaxis: Now vaccine available.
Passive immunity is induced by ZIG (Zoster
Immunoglobulin)
|
4.
Chikungunya
Pathogen:
Chikungunya (CHIK) Virus
|
3–7
days.
Aedes mosquito biting
|
Fever and joint pain. Headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or
rash.
|
No medicine.
Decrease the symptoms:
Rest
Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
Take medicines, (ibuprofen, naproxen,
acetaminophen, or paracetamol) to relieve fever and pain.
|
|
Pathogen:
|
Disease of the upper respiratory system (nose and throat)
Last
for 3-7 days
|
Rapidly rising fever, chills, and body and
muscle aches.
Nasal
congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, tiredness
etc.
|
Drink plenty of fluids, rest, use painkillers
(paracetamol and ibuprofen), decongestants
|
|
Pathogen:
|
4-6 days.
Vector: Aedes aegypti mosquito
|
Sudden high fever, Severe headache, Pain behind the eyes, Severe
joint and muscle pain, Fatigue, Nausea, Vomiting, Skin rash, which appears 2-5
days after the onset of fever, Mild bleeding (such a nose bleed, bleeding
gums, or easy bruising). Decreased platelet count.
|
No antiviral treatment.
Control fever and pain with paracetamol rather than aspirin
(aspirin may promote bleeding), and increasing fluid intake.
Prevention: People experiencing fever should
not be in an environment where they may be bitten by mosquitoes.
There is no vaccine.
Personal protection and mosquito control.
|
|
Pathogen:
Ebolavirus (EBOV)
|
Initial symptoms are flu-like: sudden onset of fever, muscle aches and pains, tiredness, headache.
On progresses: diarrhea, vomiting, headache and
confusion, rash, sore throat and cough, extreme tiredness and collapse.
Some people may have bleeding problems,
multi-organ failure and death.
|
Diagnosis: PCR on a blood specimen.
Incubation period: From 2 to 21 days, most commonly 8 to 10
days.
Treatment: get treatment and avoid spreading the disease to others.
Prevention: Isolate the patients. Health care workers
should use hand hygiene and appropriate personal protective equipment. Males who
have had Ebola virus disease should use a condom.
Those who visit an area where Ebola virus
disease occurs should not eat raw or undercooked ‘bush meat’ including ape,
monkey or bat.
People should not have contact (or eat) with
blood, meat or body fluids of animals which show signs of Ebola virus
disease.
|
|
8.
Encephalitis
Pathogen:
Aribo viruses like alpha virus
|
Vectors: Culex & Aedes
Host: man and small mammals
|
High fever, headache, drowsiness and inflammation of brain often
fatal.
|
No specific treatment
|
9.
Epstein-Barr Virus
Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono/ the kissing
disease/ Pfeiffer's disease/ in British English, glandular fever)
Pathogen:
|
· Through saliva or blood, often through
kissing, or by sharing a drinking glass, an eating utensil or a needle.
· Also spread through coughing or sneezing.
|
Most common in adolescents and young adults,
characterized by fever, sore throat and fatigue.
|
No
drugs and vaccination.
Wash hands
and have good hygiene to prevent the spread of infection.
|
|
Pathogen:
|
Incubation period: 2-3 weeks
Contagious
Via nose or throat
|
Enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck and a
widespread pink rash.
Headache, sore throat and slight pain.
|
Immunization
|
|
Pathogen:
|
Transmission: Faecal-oral
· Contaminated food, drink and eating utensils
· Hands contaminated via contact with nappies,
toys or towels soiled with faeces from an infected person
· Oral/anal sexual contact
· Sewage-contaminated water or shellfish
· Travel to countries where hepatitis A is
endemic
· Injecting and non-injecting drug use.
|
Fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of
appetite and low-grade fever, pain in the abdomen, joints, or muscles, diarrhoea,
nausea, or vomiting, fatigue, fever, or loss of appetite, dark urine, weight
loss, or yellow skin and eyes
|
The hepatitis A vaccine is typically given in
two doses - initial vaccination followed by a booster shot six months later.
|
|
Pathogen:
|
· Blood-to-blood
· Sharing injecting equipment
· Unprotected sex
· Mother-to-baby transmission at or around the
time of birth
· Child-to-child contact through open sores and
wounds
· Tattooing or body piercing
· Household contact – sharing razors and
toothbrushes
|
Yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain and
dark urine. Some people, particularly children, don't experience any
symptoms.
In chronic cases, liver failure, cancer or
scarring can occur.
Pain in the abdomen, fatigue, feeling tired,
loss of appetite, or malaise, fluid in the abdomen or nausea, web of swollen
blood vessels in the skin or yellow skin and eyes, dark urine, itching, or
swelling
|
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as
three or four injections over six months.
|
|
Pathogen:
|
· Blood-to-blood contact
· Sharing injecting equipment
· tattooing, body piercing or acupuncture
|
Most people have no symptoms.
Fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite and
yellowing of the eyes and skin, bleeding, bloating, blood in stool, fluid in
the abdomen, or nausea, fatigue, feeling tired, or loss of appetite, bleeding,
web of swollen blood vessels in the skin, or weight loss
|
Stop using illicit drugs.
Be cautious about body piercing and
tattooing.
Practice safer sex.
|
|
Pathogen:
|
Blood-to-blood contact
Most infections in Australia are associated
with:
· immigration from a high prevalence country (a
country where hepatitis B and D are more common)
· sharing injecting equipment
|
Abdominal pain, nausea and fatigue.
Pain in the abdomen, fatigue, nausea, or
yellow skin and eyes
|
Hepatitis B vaccination will prevent
infection with hepatitis D
|
|
Pathogen:
|
Faecal-oral
· Faeces containing the virus are transferred
to another person’s mouth.
· Travel to countries where hepatitis E is
endemic.
· From pregnant woman to her fetus
· Through infected blood transfusion
|
Jaundice, lack of appetite and nausea. In
rare cases, it may progress to acute liver failure.
Pain in the abdomen or joints,
nausea, pale faeces, or vomiting, fatigue,
fever, or loss of appetite, dark urine or yellow skin and eyes
|
There is currently no vaccine available
|
|
Pathogen:
Herpes simplex
virus 1 & 2 (HSV-1 & HSV-2)
|
HSV-1 is mainly transmitted by oral-to-oral
contact to cause oral herpes (which can include symptoms known as “cold sores”),
but can also cause genital herpes.
HSV-2 is a sexually transmitted infection
that causes genital herpes.
|
Oral herpes infection is mostly asymptomatic. Symptoms include
painful blisters or open sores in or around the mouth. Sores on the lips (“cold
sores”). Infected persons experience a tingling, itching or burning sensation
around their mouth, before the appearance of sores. After initial infection,
the blisters or ulcers can periodically recur.
Genital herpes caused by HSV-1 can be asymptomatic. When
symptoms do occur, genital herpes is characterised by 1 or more genital or
anal blisters or ulcers.
Itching, swelling, emission of fluid from swelling, headache,
fatigue, overall gloomy mental state
|
Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, famciclovir,
and valacyclovir, are the most effective medications available. These help to
reduce the severity and frequency of symptoms, but cannot cure the infection.
|
17.
Herpes
zoster (Shingles)
|
Very rare in children and adults, but its
incidence is high in the elderly, as well as in any age group of
immuno-compromised patients.
|
Affects the nervous system with or without appearance of a rash
on the skin
Painful blisters over the area of a
dermatome.
|
Several
antiviral medicines—acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir.
Vaccination
|
|
Pathogen:
Orthomyxoviridae family
(Influenza virus A & B)- RNA virus
|
24-72 hrs
Infection by air (nasal discharge)
|
Onset of fever for a week accompanied by
severe body ache and pain with sore throat.
|
Sulphanomide drugs
|
19.
Jaundice
Pathogen:
Virus
|
Contaminated
water
|
Virus
attacks liver, loss of appetite, vomiting and fever; bilirubin and biliverdin
increase in blood. Eyes and skin becomes yellow. Patient passes yellow urine
and white stool
|
Complete
rest with high carbohydrate and fat free diet required.
|
|
Pathogen:
Rubeola or Measles virus (genus Morbillivirus)
|
10-12
days
Contagious
& droplet infection.
Infection
through air
|
Rubeolla
(Skin eruption) similar to prickly heat called Koplic spots; cold, headache
followed by cough fever and sneezes
|
Passive
immunity by gamma-globulin and active immunity by Edmonston B vaccine.
Isolation.
Antibiotics
& sulpha drugs
|
21.
Meningitis
(Viral)
Pathogen:
Coxsackie or Echovirus groups of
enteroviruses
|
Contagious, because the viruses are easily
passed between people.
Enteroviruses are present in the feces,
mucus, and saliva of infected people, and are transmitted through direct
contact with an infected person or surface.
|
Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the nervous
system.
Intense headache, fever, loss of appetite, intolerance to light
and sound, rigidity of the muscles especially of neck.
In severe cases: convulsions, vomiting, delirium leading to
death.
|
Prolonged bed rest, darkness, and quiet.
No drugs against viral meningitis.
|
|
Pathogen:
|
10-25 days
Contagious & droplet infection.
In children
|
Inflammation of parotid glands, painful
glands of body. May attack testes causing sterility
|
Aspirin to control fever and pain; live
attenuated mumps virus vaccine
|
|
Pathogen:
Poliovirus (Picorna virus)
|
14-30 days
Direct and oral.
Hosts: Man and monkey. Enters body through
contaminated food and water.
|
Infection spreads through blood and lymphatic
system, reaches CNS; Muscles do not get impulses and get atrophied that lead
to permanent paralysis of arms and legs. Virus also attacks respiratory
centres in medulla of brain.
|
Salk vaccine,
Sabin vaccine (OPV or Oral Polio Vaccine)
Physiotherapy
|
|
Pathogen:
Rabies virus (‘street virus’ or Rhabdo
virus)
|
2-6 weeks
Host: man
Vectors: Rabid dogs, vampire bats, jackals
and wolves (in Iran)
|
High fever, severe and painful spasms of
muscles and larynx at the sight of liquids. Acute encephalitis. Death occurs
due to convulsions and paralysis.
|
First given by Louis Pasteur (with 14
injections). i.e. Duck Embryo (DE) rabies vaccine.
|
|
Pathogen:
Rift Valley fever virus
|
Incubation
period: 2-6 days
Transmitted
from animals to man by mosquitoes
|
Symptoms
resemble to influenza.
Fever,
generalized weakness, back pain, and dizziness at the onset of the illness.
Typically, patients recover within two days to one week after onset of
illness.
|
No
vaccines are currently available for human vaccination
|
26.
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
Pathogen:
|
Close contact with respiratory droplets
containing the SARS virus
|
Fever, lethargy, myalgia, cough, sore throat, gastrointestinal
symptoms
|
Antibiotics are ineffective, as SARS is a
viral disease. Treatment of SARS is largely supportive with antipyretics,
supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed.
There is no vaccine to date
|
|
Pathogen:
Variola major (more deadly form) or Variola minor
|
10-14
days
Contagious
& droplet infection
Host:
Man. Infection occurs at the time of falling of scabs.
|
Fever
for 3 days, then rashes come out, most abundant and earliest on face, lesions
on mucus membrane inside mouth. Papules are intradermal. Occasionally blindness due to corneal ulcerations and
infertility in male survivors.
Persistent skin scarring - pockmarks - is
nearly universal
|
Anti
Variola vaccine (cause active immunity)
No case
reported after 1978
|
28.
Swine
Flu (H1N1) or Pig Influenza
Pathogen:
H1N1 virus
|
Contact with pigs, cough & sneeze of
infected person
|
Fever, cough, sore throat, chills, weakness and body aches.
Pain in the muscles, dry cough, high fever, or malaise, runny
nose or sneezing, headache or sore throat.
Children, pregnant women and the elderly are at risk for severe
infection.
|
Stay home if you're sick.
Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently.
Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or
cough.
Avoid contact.
Reduce exposure within your household.
|
|
Pathogen:
Yellow fever virus (an
arbovirus)
|
Transmitted by mosquitoes especially Aedes
aegypti
|
Hemorrhagic illness
Degeneration of the tissues of liver and kidneys.
Chills, headache, pain in the back and limbs, fever, vomiting,
constipation, reduced flow of urine, jaundice
|
Vaccination
|
very helpful for us thanks a lot....
ReplyDelete