Topic 1: INTRODUCTION
01. The fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms is called
✅ Cell
02. Who discovered cell?
✅ Robert Hooke
03. ………………. first observed and described a live cell.
✅ Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
04. ………………. observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells.
✅ Matthias Schleiden
05. ………………. found that cells have a thin outer layer (plasma membrane).
✅ Theodore Schwann
06. ………………. is the scientist who found that plant cells have cell wall.
✅ Theodore Schwann
07. Who proposed a hypothesis that animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells.
✅ Theodore Schwann
08. Cell theory was formulated by
✅ Schleiden & Schwann
09. Who first explained that cells divide and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e cellula)?
✅ Rudolf Virchow
10. All cells contain Cytoplasm and ………………
✅ Ribosomes
11. The semi-fluid matrix where cellular activities and chemical reactions occur keeping the cell in ‘living state’ is called
✅ Cytoplasm
12. Non-membrane bound organelles seen in cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria & on rough ER is called
✅ Ribosomes
13. ………………. are the smallest cells having 0.3 µm in length.
✅ Mycoplasmas
14. Largest isolated single cell is
✅ Egg of ostrich
15. Name a longest cell.
✅ Nerve cell
16. Size of bacteria ranges between
✅ 3 to 5 µm
17. Human RBCs are about ………………. in diameter.
✅ 7.0 µm
Topic 2: PROKARYOTIC CELLS
18. The cells which have no membrane-bound nucleus and organelles are called
✅ Prokaryotic cells
19. The bacterial shape that is spiral in form is called
✅ Spirillum
20. The outer layer of the cell envelope in bacteria is called
✅ Glycocalyx
21. The middle layer of prokaryotic cell envelope is called
✅ Cell wall
22. The inner semi-permeable layer of prokaryotic cell envelope is called
✅ Plasma membrane
23. Bacteria that take up and retain Gram stain are called
✅ Gram positive
24. Bacteria that do not retain Gram stain are called
✅ Gram negative
25. The structure formed by infoldings of plasma membrane is called
✅ Mesosome
26. The membranous infoldings containing pigments in cyanobacteria are called
✅ Chromatophores
27. The non-membranous circular genomic DNA in prokaryotes is called
✅ Nucleoid
28. Small circular DNA outside the genomic DNA in bacteria is called
✅ Plasmid
29. Thin filamentous extensions from the cell wall of motile bacteria are called
✅ Flagella
30. The longest portion of bacterial flagellum is called
✅ Filament
31. Elongated tubular structures made of pilin protein are called
✅ Pili
32. Small bristle-like fibres that help bacteria attach to surfaces are called
✅ Fimbriae
33. The 70S ribosomes in prokaryotes are made of two subunits namely
✅ 50S & 30S
34. The site of translation (protein synthesis) in prokaryotes is called
✅ Ribosomes
35. Chains of ribosomes attached to a single mRNA are called
✅ Polysomes
36. Non-membranous stored reserve materials in prokaryotic cytoplasm are called
✅ Inclusion bodies
37. Gas vacuoles are found in which type of bacteria?
✅ Photosynthetic bacteria
Topic 3: EUKARYOTIC CELLS
38. The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is organized into
✅ Chromosomes
39. The polar head and hydrophobic tail structure of lipids in membranes belongs to
✅ Phosphoglycerides
40. In human RBC, the cell membrane has 52% ……… and 40% lipids.
✅ Protein
41. Proteins partially or totally buried in the membrane are called
✅ Integral proteins
42. Proteins lying on the surface of membrane are called
✅ Peripheral proteins
43. The model of cell membrane proposed by Singer & Nicolson is called
✅ Fluid mosaic model
44. The selectively permeable boundary for transport of molecules is called
✅ Plasma membrane
45. Due to fluidity, plasma membrane helps in growth, secretion, endocytosis, and
✅ Cell division
46. Movement of molecules along concentration gradient without energy is
✅ Passive transport
47. Movement of neutral solutes across the membrane is
✅ Simple diffusion
48. Movement of water by diffusion across the membrane is
✅ Osmosis
49. Polar molecules require ………… for transport across membrane.
✅ Carrier proteins
50. Movement of molecules against concentration gradient using ATP is
✅ Active transport
51. The non-living rigid structure outside plasma membrane in fungi and plants is
✅ Cell wall
52. Cell wall of algae contains cellulose, galactans, mannans &
✅ CaCO₃
53. The growing cell wall of a young plant cell is called
✅ Primary wall
54. The layer of calcium pectate gluing neighbouring cells together is
✅ Middle lamella
55. Cell wall connections between neighbouring cells are called
✅ Plasmodesmata
56. ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles together constitute
✅ Endomembrane system
57. The network of tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm is
✅ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
58. The type of ER bearing ribosomes on its surface is called
✅ Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
59. The type of ER where lipid and steroidal hormones are synthesized is
✅ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
60. The densely stained reticular structures near the nucleus are called
✅ Golgi apparatus
61. Golgi apparatus was first observed by
✅ Camillo Golgi
62. The flat, disc-shaped sacs of Golgi apparatus are called
✅ Cisternae
63. The forming face of cisternae is called ……… and the maturing face is called ………
✅ Cis face & Trans face
64. The main function of Golgi apparatus is
✅ Secretion
65. Materials from ER fuse with ……… face and move towards ……… face of Golgi.
✅ Cis face & Trans face
66. Proteins synthesized by ribosomes on ER are modified in
✅ Golgi apparatus
67. Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of
✅ Glycoproteins & Glycolipids
68. Membrane-bound vesicular structures formed by Golgi apparatus are called
✅ Lysosomes
69. Lysosomal vesicles contain ………………. that are active at acidic pH.
✅ Hydrolytic enzymes
70. The membrane-bound space in cytoplasm containing water, sap & waste is
✅ Vacuole
71. The single membrane of vacuole is called
✅ Tonoplast
72. In plants, tonoplast facilitates transport of ions into
✅ Vacuole
73. In Amoeba, the vacuole that helps in excretion is
✅ Contractile vacuole
74. In protists, vacuoles formed by engulfing food particles are called
✅ Food vacuoles
75. Sausage-shaped or cylindrical cell organelle with 0.2–1.0 μm diameter is called
✅ Mitochondria
76. Double membrane-bound organelle with outer and inner membrane forming two compartments is ……………….
✅ Mitochondria
77. Name the infoldings of the inner membrane in mitochondria that increase surface area.
✅ Cristae
78. Name the compartment of mitochondria containing circular DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
✅ Matrix
79. Mitochondria divide by ……………….
✅ Fission
80. ………………. are the sites of aerobic respiration producing ATP; called powerhouses of the cell.
✅ Mitochondria
81. Large pigment-containing organelles in plant cells and euglenoids are
✅ Plastids
82. Plastids containing chlorophyll and carotenoids for photosynthesis are
✅ Chloroplasts
83. Plastids with carotenoid pigments giving yellow, orange, or red color are called
✅ Chromoplasts
84. Colorless plastids storing nutrients is ……………….
✅ Leucoplasts
85. Leucoplasts storing starch are called
✅ Amyloplasts
86. Leucoplasts storing oils and fats are
✅ Elaioplasts
87. Leucoplasts storing proteins are
✅ Aleuroplasts
88. Double membrane-bound organelles found mainly in mesophyll cells are
✅ Chloroplasts
89. Space inside inner membrane of chloroplast containing thylakoids is
✅ Stroma
90. Space enclosed by thylakoid membrane is called
✅ Lumen
91. Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts is called
✅ Grana
92. Tubules connecting thylakoids of different grana are
✅ Stroma lamellae
93. The type of chloroplast ribosomes is
✅ 70S
94. Non-membranous granular organelles made of RNA and proteins are called
✅ Ribosomes
95. Name the scientist who first observed ribosomes.
✅ George Palade
96. Subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes forming 80S are
✅ 60S & 40S
97. Name the network of filamentous protein structures in cytoplasm which provides mechanical support, motility, and maintains cell shape.
✅ Cytoskeleton
98. Small, oar-like structures causing cell or fluid movement is called
✅ Cilia
99. ………………. are longer structures responsible for cell movement; different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
✅ Flagella
100. Plasma membrane-covered structures with microtubule core is called
✅ Axoneme
101. Microtubule arrangement in axoneme with 9 peripheral doublets + 2 central microtubules is called
✅ 9+2 array
102. The central tubules are connected by bridges and are enclosed by a
✅ Central sheath
103. The structures connecting the central tubules to peripheral doublets in a cilium or flagellum, arranged as 9 in number, are called
✅ Radial spokes
104. Cilium and flagellum emerge from centriole-like structure called the ……………….
✅ Basal body
105. Organelle containing two perpendicular cylindrical structures is called
✅ Centrosome
106. Cylindrical structures with 9 peripheral triplets of tubulin is called
✅ Centrioles
107. Centrosome and Centrioles are surrounded by
✅ Pericentriolar materials
108. Central proteinaceous part of centriole connected to peripheral triplets is called
✅ Hub
109. Name the scientist who first described the nucleus.
✅ Robert Brown
110. Material of nucleus stained by basic dyes is called
✅ Chromatin
111. The scientist who named chromatin is
✅ Flemming
112. Double-layered membrane around nucleus with perinuclear space is called
✅ Nuclear envelope
113. Minute openings in nuclear envelope allowing RNA and protein movement is ……………….
✅ Nuclear pores
114. Network of nucleoprotein fibers containing DNA, histone proteins, non-histone proteins, and RNA is called
✅ Chromatin
115. During cell division, chromatins condense to form
✅ Chromosomes
116. Non-membranous spherical body in nucleus for rRNA synthesis is ……………….
✅ Nucleolus
117. Total length of DNA in a human cell distributed among 46 chromosomes is
✅ 2 m
118. Primary constriction of a chromosome is called
✅ Centromere
119. Disc-shaped structures on sides of centromere are known as
✅ Kinetochores
120. Chromosome with middle centromere forming equal arms is called
✅ Metacentric chromosome
121. Chromosome with centromere nearer one end forming unequal arms is called
✅ Sub-metacentric chromosome
122. Chromosome with centromere close to one end forming very short and long arm is called
✅ Acrocentric chromosome
123. Chromosome with terminal centromere is called
✅ Telocentric chromosome
124. Non-staining secondary constrictions in some chromosomes is called
✅ Satellite
125. Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes in plant and animal cells are called
✅ Microbodies